Many of these devices were demonstrated and some were patented. Over the first three-quarters of the 19th century, many experimenters worked with various combinations of platinum or iridium wires, carbon rods, and evacuated or semi-evacuated enclosures. It was not bright enough nor did it last long enough to be practical, but it was the precedent behind the efforts of scores of experimenters over the next 75 years. In 1802, Humphry Davy used what he described as "a battery of immense size", consisting of 2,000 cells housed in the basement of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, to create an incandescent light by passing the current through a thin strip of platinum, chosen because the metal had an extremely high melting point. In 1761, Ebenezer Kinnersley demonstrated heating a wire to incandescence. Original carbon-filament bulb from Thomas Edison's shop in Menlo Park Other inventors with generators and incandescent lamps, and with comparable ingenuity and excellence, have long been forgotten because their creators did not preside over their introduction in a system of lighting. The lamp was a small component in his system of electric lighting, and no more critical to its effective functioning than the Edison Jumbo generator, the Edison main and feeder, and the parallel-distribution system. Historian Thomas Hughes has attributed Edison's success to his development of an entire, integrated system of electric lighting. They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve (by use of the Sprengel pump) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable. Historians Robert Friedel and Paul Israel list inventors of incandescent lamps prior to Joseph Swan and Thomas Edison.
Some areas have implemented phasing out the use of incandescent light bulbs to reduce energy consumption. Incandescent bulbs can be replaced by fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps, and light-emitting diode lamps (LED). Incandescent bulbs typically have short lifetimes compared with other types of lighting around 1,000 hours for home light bulbs versus typically 10,000 hours for compact fluorescents and 20,000–30,000 hours for lighting LEDs. Quartz tube halogen infrared heaters are used for industrial processes such as paint curing or for space heating. Heat lamps are made for uses such as incubators, lava lamps, and the Easy-Bake Oven toy.
Some applications use the heat generated by the filament. The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb for 120 V operation is 16 lumens per watt, compared with 60 lm/W for a compact fluorescent bulb or 150 lm/W for some white LED lamps. Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than other types of electric lighting, converting less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light.
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As a result, the incandescent bulb became widely used in household and commercial lighting, for portable lighting such as table lamps, car headlamps, and flashlights, and for decorative and advertising lighting. They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and work equally well on either alternating current or direct current. Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts. A bulb socket provides mechanical support and electrical connections. Current is supplied to the filament by terminals or wires embedded in the glass. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb with a vacuum or inert gas to protect the filament from oxidation. An SEM image of the tungsten filament of an incandescent light bulbĪn incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows.
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